Viet Minh | History & Definition | Britannica [82] Without consulting the PRG, North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975. In March, Trà was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offensive against Saigon. Which country had control of Vietnam before the revolution? The organization soon disbanded because of a lack of support, replaced in 1960 by the Viet Cong -- which had already existed for several years. What Happened To The Land Of The Vietnamese Civilians During The Vietnam War? [8] It is a contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản (Vietnamese communist). Although led primarily by communists, the Viet Minh operated as a national front organization open to persons of various political persuasions. (The M.I.T. The Viet Cong called for the unification of Vietnam and the overthrow of the American backed South Vietnamese government. What Happened To The Vietnamese Civilians During The Vietnam War? This eventually seemed to involve the bombing of... What factors contributed in the Vietnamese success against the French. North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of "quick victory" vs "protracted war" (guerrilla warfare). [34] For Chinese leader Mao Zedong, aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his "anti-imperialist" credentials for both domestic and international audiences. [42] The winter of 1964–1965 was a high-water mark for the Viet Cong, with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse. Vietnam had been a French colony before World War II started. Who Were the Viet Cong? - ThoughtCo Between the First Indochina War and the Geneva Conference, the Viet Minh had become the dominant Vietnamese political party within the region. [57] Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon. Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits", said PRG Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng. The name is said to have first been used by South Vietnamese Pres. [8] The earliest citation for Viet Cong in English is from 1957. The Vietminh After the Japanese attack of March 9, 1945, resulting in the elimina tion of French power, the Vietnamese revolutionaries decided to take advantage of the collapse of the Japanese empire (which could then be foreseen) in order to seize power for themselves, and it was the Vietminh who took the initiative in both North and South . While theoretically, the Viet Cong was separate from the government of the north, in reality, North Vietnamese soldiers served alongside Viet Cong guerrillas, and Viet Cong fighters were often under the command of NVA officers. The counter-offensive by the U.S. broke the back of the Viet Cong, but the political damage was done, and more Americans began to question the wisdom of the effort. Vietcong Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com In March 1956, southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled "The Road to the South" to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi. [41] After this meeting, the communist side geared up for a maximum military effort and the troop strength of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) increased from 174,000 at the end of 1963 to 300,000 in 1964. Upon returning home, some of these veterans began to experience health problems that they blamed on their exposure to herbicides. [Vietnam] Vietminh, Vietcong en het verschil - YouTube 1 / 10 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by nicolesalda11 Terms in this set (10) President who used the Tonkin Gulf incident as an excuse to depend U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War Lyndon Johnson Vietnamese forces that were supported by American troops Army of the Republic of Vietnam After France fell to Germany in 1940, Japan seized control of Vietnam, but allowed French officials and troops to administer the country. While Beijing urged a fight to the finish, Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Viet Minh. [8], The Communist Party of Vietnam approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. During World War II, Japan occupied French Indochina.As well as fighting the French in the battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan, the Việt Minh started a campaign against the Japanese. In conclusion, the Viet Minh was the anti-Chinese and anti-French military force that would be developed into the People's Army of Vietnam. France adopted an anti-communist state known as the State of Vietnam under the leadership of former Emperor of Annam Bao Dai. [73] COSVN rejected this view as "lacking resolution and absolute determination. Shortly afterward, Ho began visiting various communist nations. [46] Six thousand documents were captured, revealing the inner workings of the Viet Cong. Accessed 6 June 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Ngo Dinh Diem to belittle the rebels. It soon becomes clear that the French have met their match. ', Ho led the Viet Minh in engagements against the French (and Japanese) during the Second World War. Vietcong Organization · The National Liberation Front ... - Omeka The Vietnamese Communists, or Vietcong, were the military branch of the National Liberation Front (NLF), and were commanded by the Central Office for South Vietnam, which was located near the. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in May of 1954, France was finally forced out of Vietnam. The Viet Cong used these tactics against the US military and ARVN. For the next eight years, the Viet Minh, led by General Vo Nguyen Giap, waged a bloody insurgency against the French in what came to be known as the First Indochina War (1946-1954). Your email address will not be published. The 1972 Easter Offensive was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the DMZ between North and South. What is the difference between the Vietcong and the Vietminh? Operation Rolling Thunder History & Facts | What Was Operation Rolling Thunder? He oversaw the daily operations of the state, traveled to communist nations, presided over the construction of the Ho Chi Minh Trail and dictated military strategy, including the creation of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the National Liberation Front (Viet Cong). Due to their opposition to the Japanese, the Việt Minh received funding from the United States, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China. The name is said to have first been used by South Vietnamese Pres. See more. Relying on guerrilla style tactics and foreign assistance, including from the United States, the Viet Minh was successful in driving back Japanese forces. Viet Nam map and timeline — HomeFront Strong (formerly the Brookfield ... [13] France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956.[14]. [49] Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas. Ho, who entered political life as a nationalist seeking independence for Vietnam, had decided fairly early in his quest that communism was the philosophy best-suited to achieve his goal. [85], Anti-communists countered that the Viet Cong was merely a front for Hanoi. Most significantly, the massive Viet Cong uprising gave the appearance to Americans back home of an enormous military setback for the United States. Many of the Viet Cong's core members were volunteer "regroupees", southern Viet Minh who had resettled in the North after the Geneva Accord (1954). He has written as a student and a journalist, specializing in politics, travel, arts and culture and current affairs. The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956. [64] "We did not base ourselves on scientific calculation or a careful weighing of all factors, but...on an illusion based on our subjective desires", Trà concluded. Tet, the Vietnamese New Year, was the occasion of the January 30, 1968 surprise simultaneous offensive across South Vietnam against Viet Cong units. In his memoirs, The terminology "liberation front" is adapted from the earlier, This also follows terminology used earlier by leftists in Greece (, This is sometimes referred to as the "Genoa Policy" and later inspired Khrushchev to take credit for Kennedy's election.(. In November, Hồ traveled to Moscow with Lê Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line. [17] Lê Duẩn's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle, but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army, which was expected to take at least until 1959. He holds a Master of Arts in political science and is currently pursuing a Doctor of Philosophy in political science. With France reeling from the war and the Japanese on the verge of defeat in August 1945, Ho and the Viet Minh organized the August Revolution, which witnessed the claim of Vietnamese independence in Indochina. [nb 6] The "2d Liberation Battalion" ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959, the first large unit military action of the war. The Viet Cong was North Vietnam's instrument for spreading chaos across the south when the United States replaced France as the principal foreign presence in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh, the communist-nationalist leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) during the First Indochina War and Vietnam War, was born Nguyen Sinh Cung in 1890 in the northern province of Nghe An in Indochina. [83] North and South were merged as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved. Vietminh Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. [26] The first arms delivery via the trail, a few dozen rifles, was completed in August 1959. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The USA was afraid that communism would spread to South Vietnam and then the rest of Asia. [30] The group's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten-point manifesto called for, "overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration, and to form a national and democratic coalition administration. COSVN retreated to Mimot in Cambodia. [67] U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam, which became a separate state. The Vietcong were also soldiers, trained to fight in the tactics of guerrilla warfare. Diem rejected the reunification elections and gained the support of the United States in his battle against the communist DRV. The Parrot's Beak, an area in Cambodia only 30 miles from Saigon, was prepared as a base of operations. "[59] The offensive included a commando raid on the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and a massacre at Huế of about 3,500 residents. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Vietcong [ vee-et- kong, - kawng, vyet-, vee-it- ] https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/vietnam-war/dien-bi... Why was the Tet Offensive considered a "psychological" victory for the Viet Cong? The Vietcong and North Vietnam were supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and China who supplied money and weapons. If one country invade another country to control its government. Because Diem decided not to There, he became steeped in communist teachings and became politically active on the part of independence for Vietnam. Latest answer posted September 27, 2017 at 8:14:50 PM. "[8] Thọ, a lawyer and the Viet Cong's "neutralist" chairman, was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers. A great admirer of American fervor for independence, Ho appealed directly to Woodrow Wilson for recognition of Vietnamese independence, but was rebuffed. Latest answer posted May 13, 2020 at 10:04:50 PM. (, Military History Institute of Vietnam,(2002). For the next eight years, the Viet Minh, led by General Vo Nguyen Giap, waged a bloody insurgency against the French in what came to be known as the First Indochina War (1946-1954). And while aspects of the Viet Minh eventually re-emerged following Geneva, the dominant entity that it had become during the 1940s ceased to exist during the Vietnam War. adjective of or relating to the Vietminh. While Vietnam remains a communist country today, it's economy over the last several decades has transitioned toward a more capitalist, free market model, engaging in global trade. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [8] The earliest citation for Viet Cong in English is from 1957. Open to all political groups and organizations, communist and non-communist alike, the Viet Minh became a quasi-military force that called on soldiers, workers, peasants, intellectuals, civil servants, merchants, young men and women to drive out the French and Japanese usurpers. Battlefield:Vietnam | Guerrilla Tactics - PBS A guerrilla army of South Vietnamese Communists. [1] Truong Nhu Tang, A Vietcong Memoir 128 (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985) [2] [2] Douglas Pike Vietcong The Organization and Techniques of The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, 235-238. The Viet Minh was a Vietnamese nationalist organization formed in opposition to Japanese rule in 1941, and then opposing, in turn, Chinese and French dominance of the country. As reported in Chapter 3, thousands of suspected Vietminh and their suspected sympathizers were rounded up. [nb 5] Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977, the Viet Cong no longer used the name after the PRG was created. [68], Aside from some districts in the Mekong Delta, the Viet Cong failed to create a governing apparatus in South Vietnam following Tet, according to an assessment of captured documents by the U.S. The next major battle, at Buôn Ma Thuột in March, was a communist walkover. He eventually established a temporary residence in Paris at the end of the First World War. … The OSS, later to become the CIA, only backed the Viet Minh in world war two because it was already an established guerrilla group, capable of spying on the Japanese. 62 lessons Viet Cong (VC), in full Viet Nam Cong San, English Vietnamese Communists, the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s–1975) and the United States (early 1960s–1973). [84] They said that the Viet Cong was composed of several parties—the People's Revolutionary Party, the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party[4]—and that Viet Cong chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was not a communist. [82], Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Viet Cong was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South. The Viet Cong was successful at harassing American and Republic of Vietnam Army troops, and at indoctrinating many villagers across the south in both communist doctrine and in nationalist sentiments directed against the American presence. The Viet Cong[nb 1] (can be abbreviated as VC, sometimes spelled as Vietcong), officially the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam,[nb 2] was an armed communist organization in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. [15] Leadership divided into a "North first", or pro-Beijing, faction led by Trường Chinh, and a "South first" faction led by Lê Duẩn. The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all-weather roads that could be used year-round, even during the monsoon. Both were revolutionary organizations, but the Viet Minh emerged from the North, and faded away by the time of American involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Viet Cong was born in the South, and played a major role in the fighting against the United States. Updates? Chapter 22: The Vietnam Years Flashcards | Quizlet [86] The official Vietnamese history of the war states that "The Liberation Army of South Vietnam [Viet Cong] is a part of the People's Army of Vietnam".[10]. [44] Hanoi was soon receiving up-to-date surface-to-air missiles. The Vietminh had expected to win South Vietnam by free elections. Ho did not see the end of the conflict because he passed on September 2, 1969, which was ironically the same date he declared Vietnamese independence in 1945. On July 8, the Viet Cong killed two U.S. military advisors at Biên Hòa, the first American dead of the Vietnam War. [84] According to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà, the Viet Cong's top commander and PRG defense minister, he followed orders issued by the "Military Commission of the Party Central Committee" in Hanoi, which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo. The Vietminh was the revolutionary army operating in Vietnam when it was under the French flag, and their organization and tactics were conventional. 2. In that battle, Viet Minh soldiers, under the leadership of General Vo Nguyen Giap, encircled French forces and, following months of attacks on the French position, compelled the colonial forces to surrender, ending the era of French imperialism in Southeast Asia. It had both guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who organized and mobilized peasants in the territory the Viet Cong controlled. At the end of the war, a peace agreement signed in Geneva, led to the temporary division of Vietnam into North and South. Weapons of the Vietnam War - Wikipedia His father was a vocal critic of French colonial rule. Ho Chi Minh led the movement for Vietnamese independence from colonial powers, and is considered one of the most prominent revolutionaries of the 20th century. Discover how the United States worked with the communist Viet Minh against the Japanese in World War II, Pop Quiz: 19 Things to Know About the Vietnam War, Note how the Viet Minh's guerrilla tactics confined French troops to the cities in the First Indochina War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viet-Minh. [65] Earle G. Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, estimated that Tet resulted in 40,000 communist dead[66] (compared to about 10,600 U.S. and South Vietnamese dead). Brian has nearly twenty years of experience teaching in classrooms and working as a private tutor for grades 7 through 12. It fought under the direction of North Vietnam against the South Vietnamese and United States governments during the Vietnam War. France. Es umfasste die Absetzung Diệms, die Reduzierung der Importe, Herabsetzung der Pachtgebühren und eine Landreform. A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963, shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated. The group consisted of socialists, communists, nationalists and democrats. [70], The success of the 1973–74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable. Was ist der unterschied zwischen vietminh und vietcong How did the Vietnam War affect American society? Whether you’re studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. Elements of the Viet Minh joined with the Viet Cong against the U.S.-supported government of South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War (or Second Indochina War) of the late 1950s, the ’60s, and the early ’70s. The Viet Cong was supplied throughout the war against the United States and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) by North Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a long, treacherous series of trails, roads, and rivers that ran from the north through Laos and Cambodia and into South Vietnam. Vietcong en Vietminh - Betekenis en verschillen | Historiek "Viet Minh Vs Viet Cong" eNotes Editorial, 4 Apr. This guerrilla movement was called the National Liberation Front, and was informally known as the Viet Cong. Simultaneously, he founded the Revolutionary Youth League of Vietnam, which eventually became the Indochinese Communist Party. 139-140 (Frederick A. Praeger, 1967) Elements of the Viet Minh joined with the Viet Cong against the U.S.-supported government of South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War (or Second Indochina War) of the late 1950s, the '60s, and the early '70s. A founder of the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930 and the League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) in 1941, Ho Chi Minh also served as the president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 1945 until his death in 1969. Who was Ho Chi Minh and what did he do? [29] Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960, as it was election year for the U.S. Vietnam heeft een lange geschiedenis van oorlogsvoering achter de rug. American Foreign Policy in the First Indochina War. When Ho chi Minh created the party, his basics aims were not just use Vietminh as a political party but also as a guerilla tactic resolution. Further, his Viet Minh guerrillas fought against the Japanese in the mountains of South China. The French soon returned, which resulted in the First Indochina War, fought from 1946 to 1954. What was the outcome of the Vietnam War? The main difference is geographical: the Viet Minh emerged from the North and fought before the Vietnam War, and the Viet Cong was active in the South and fighting against the United States. [56] After Thanh's death in July, Giáp was assigned to implement this plan, now known as the Tet Offensive. The Geneva Agreements favored Ho's quest for independence, as it officially recognized the DRV after the nation was split at the 17th parallel, called for reunification elections in July 1956, eliminated the French from Indochina and ended the war. Throughout the Second World War, Ho and the Viet Minh engaged in tactics to eliminate France (and Japan) from Indochina. © 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved [61] A photo by Eddie Adams showing the summary execution of a Viet Cong in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. Upon returning to Indochina in 1941, Ho sparked a nationalist campaign to win Vietnamese independence from France. "Charlie" referred to communist forces in general, both Viet Cong and North Vietnamese. [8] The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Viet Cong front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group. The Vietnamese gained the advantage at the Geneva Conference immediately following the French capitulation. Also known as: League for the Independence of Vietnam, Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi. [8], Led by Ngô Đình Diệm, South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord. Indochina vs. French Indochina | Who Colonized Vietnam? The Vietminh were a national liberation movement created in 1941 in order to chase the French and Japanese out of Vietnam, and in doing so gaining independence. Why was the USA better equipped than Vietnam? [13] The success of this campaign inspired U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower to dub Diệm the "miracle man" when he visited the U.S. in May 1957. The Geneva Accords that followed resulted in Vietnam being split in two along the 17th parallel with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh in the north, and the non-communist State of Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the south. [57] General William Westmoreland, the U.S. commander, received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned, but his attention was focused on Khe Sanh, a remote U.S. base near the DMZ. The second was the bloody but militarily successful defeat of the Viet Cong during the so-called Tet Offensive. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. [32][33], By 1960, the Sino-Soviet split was a public rivalry, making China more supportive of Hanoi's war effort. What was President Eisenhower's response to the fighting between the Vietcong and South Vietnam's forces? Many Liberation Army of South Vietnam units operated at night,[47] and employed terror as a standard tactic. The Viet Minh -- which means "League for Vietnamese Independence" -- was a political coalition formed in 1941. Radio Hanoi called it the "National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam" in a January 1961 broadcast announcing the group's formation. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). His indoctrination in anti-colonial ideas was expanded during his training at the Quoc Hoc School in the city of Hue, although he did not complete his education. The Viet Minh, or, formally, the League for the Independence of Vietnam, was an overwhelmingly but not entirely communist-oriented guerrilla movement formed by Vietnamese nationalist and. What was the difference between the Viet Minh and the Viet Cong? He pleaded with Wilson to accept his request for Vietnamese independence from France, but Wilson declined Ho's proposal. Click the card to flip d. The Vietnamese mourned the loss of what they considered a symbol of hope for an independent Vietnam. Following liberation from Japanese occupation, the Viet Minh turned its guns on the French soldiers sent to recolonize what was called French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia). For nearly five decades, Ho Chi Minh spearheaded the movement for Vietnamese independence from colonial powers, and is considered one of the most prominent revolutionaries of the 20th century. The Viet Minh was formed in China in May 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. [25] French scholar Bernard Fall published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun. The Viet Cong were South Vietnamese supporters of the communist National Liberation Front in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War (known in Vietnam as the American War). The True Origin of the Term 'Viet Cong' - The Diplomat The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961, from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October. After realizing that its forces could not easily combat the guerrilla tactics of the Viet Minh, France opted to try and win political support to suppress the nationalist uprising. During the war, communist fighters and some anti-war activists claimed that the Viet Cong was an insurgency indigenous to the South, while the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of North Vietnam. Vietminh vs. Vietcong Vietminh [ vee-et- min, vyet-, vee-it- ] show ipa noun a Vietnamese, Communist-led organization whose forces fought against the Japanese and especially against the French in Indochina: officially in existence 1941-51. the leaders, supporters, and fighters of this organization. The Viet Cong operated in the South of Vietnam, fighting against the pro-American southern government, with support from the North Vietnamese Army.
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