Like others we discuss in this chapter, these typical circumstances require that researchers be careful to specify caveats and conditions under which findings are produced. These funds will flow to a school only if it successfully competes with other schools to demonstrate that it is willing and able to engage in actions that the funder wishes to encourage. Finally, the city boasts four very well-known college preparatory schools, such as the Bronx High School of Science, that grant entry solely on the basis of an examination or audition (Board of Education of the City of New York 1997). All elementary and secondary (K–12) school districts operate within the confines of the relevant state education law, which specifies requirements for graduation, certification of teachers, and so forth. Naïve uses and expectations of research that do not recognize such contextual differences can lead to simplistic, uninformed, and narrow interpretations of research and indiscriminate applications. But the flip side of the coin is that such nations also suffer from much less inequality in school spending across localities and—because of class and racial segregation in housing—across social classes and races. Cusick, Philip 1983 The Egalitarian Ideal and the American High School. Sierra Leone, a relatively tiny country on the west coast of Africa, totals 28,000 square miles, or 71,470 square kilometers. Rather, they specialize in undergraduate, master's, and law programs. They also exercise direct democratic control by voting on tax rates and bond issues through local and state referenda and initiative elections. Mirroring the diversity of the broader population, education takes place in specific neighborhoods with their particular geographical, historical, social, ethnic, linguistic, economic, and cultural mixes. So far, in our discussion of control we have focused on political authority, whether exercised by national, state, or local governments or the citizens that elect them. 3. culture-type organizations, which have a moral-normative pattern and are In addition to the features of education that influence research, there are also aspects of education research as a field that help clarify the nature of scientific inquiry in education. In some cases, important research cannot be conducted without this collaboration. In order to better understand these unusual features of the American system, let us examine the structure of U.S. education in greater detail. Economically less developed countries (LDCs) vary greatly as well in the size and structure of their school systems. ." Even formal schooling varies in profound ways from community to community, and from preschoolers to adults. It implies heavily understanding the special characteristics and ongoing challenges of the Human Resource Management department in an educational organization setting. Researchers, historians, and philosophers of science have debated the nature of scientific research in education for more than 100 years. Bristol, Pa.: Open University Press. Aristotle once opined that it is impossible to talk about education apart from some conception of “the good life” (Cremin, 1990, p. 85). These partnerships are not always easily formed, and often take long periods of time to establish. 1998; Wells et al. Education is a complex human endeavor ultimately aimed at enhancing students’ cognitive, civic, and social learning and development. The characteristics of the . CHAPTER 4. our own work and in our colleagues’, we have found repeatedly that belief and anecdote are often the coin of the realm, and those with commercial interests are not expected by educators, policy makers or the public to use research to support what they sell. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. The United States and Germany are nearly polar opposite on virtually all these dimensions. The breadth and depth of topical areas as well as multiple epistemological and methodological frameworks are nearly impossible to cover adequately in a single degree program. In addition, business along with foundations and government influence schools through discretionary funding. However, within the home room, teachers often do divide students into different groups that are supposed to learn the same material at different speeds. and Ed.D (Harvard). Brint, Steven 1998 Schools and Society. Education is the more encompassing concept, referring to the general process by which a social group—whether an entire society, a family, or a corporation—transmits attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and skills to its members. But other factors also play an important role in causing this variation. Just as the state was gearing up its curriculum, teaching, and accountability system to implement the new standards in a systematic way, the political environment changed, and so did the standards and accountability system (Kirst and Mazzeo, 1996). Whitty, Geoff, Sally Power, and David Halpin 1998 Devolution and Choice in Education: The School, theState, and the Market. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press. Cookson, Peter W., Jr. 1994 School Choice: The Struggle forthe Soul of American Education. Incorporating such linguistic and sociocultural contexts into the research process is critical to understanding the ways in which these differences influence learning in diverse classrooms. The schools may not know why students are leaving, and the loss of funds, good students, and good teachers may impede its capacity to improve. Its main argument is that all scientific endeavors share a common set of principles, and that each field—including education research—develops a specialization that accounts for the particulars of what is being studied. Hammack, Floyd Morgan, and Peter W. Cookson, Jr. 1980 "Colleges Attended by Graduates of Elite Secondary Schools." 25 May. AmericanJournal of Education 98 (February):97–113. School district boundaries are usually coterminous with local political boundaries, but elected school boards are rarely identified with a political party. > Download our brochure. State governments also provide on average about 47 percent of public school funding, with most of the rest coming from local taxes (U.S. National Center for Education Statistics 1997). Clark, Burton R. 1985 "The High School and the University: What Went Wrong in America" (2 parts). material, gifted, talented, slow, rebellious, and so forth—with consequences for future adult status. Boston: Beacon Press. Metz, Mary Haywood 1978 Classrooms and Corridors. But increasingly, they themselves are participating in the exercise of administrative duties. But it is not just the public/private divide that provides differentiation within the U.S. system. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill. of intellectual capital to the research that cannot be obtained in isolation of practice. Education Management Organizations and Their Unique Features Begun in the early 1990s, EMOs continue to grow today, now serving more than 350,000 students across 31 states.3 In this article I specifically address the largest, for-profit EMOs in the country, namely those managed by A…, History & Background Chicago: Rand McNally. Indeed, it is this real world of research in education that led columnist Miller to lament, “If only education reforms came in a pill” (2001, p. A14). Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. If many middle-class students desert a school district, it loses state funding, which is largely enrollment-driven. However, within many of these schools, there are "academies" or other magnet programs, which are operationally independent and have some freedom to select their students from wider attendance areas. Because so many U.S. students go on to college and because student selection occurs to a great extent within college, U.S. higher education institutions are quite varied in curriculum, prestige, and student-body composition (see below). The variability and complexity of education are the grist for the academic’s disciplinary mill. Different kinds of research require different levels of participation along a continuum ranging from weak (i.e., short, distant, one-time interaction) to strong (long-term partnership or collaboration). For example, in Africa, the ratio of secondary school students to the secondary-age population ranges from 7 percent in Mozambique to 77 percent in Egypt (U.S. National Center for Education Statistics 1997). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Scratching just below the surface, however, reveals stark differences. When large proportions of students are not particularly academically inclined, the rigor and sense of purpose necessary to motivate student effort are missing. Charter schools are accountable to the chartering authority, and the renewal of their charter depends on meeting the goals set forth in their mission statement. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 1998 Education at a Glance. We elaborate how the guiding principles and features of education are united within a variety of study designs in the next chapter, where we discuss, and provide examples of, how education researchers approach particular types of inquiries. We make available a seat in some college somewhere for virtually everyone who wants to attend. Consequently, the United States has more than fifty separate sovereign educational authorities. Some students visit their home country frequently, while others have no contact with their or their parents’ birthplaces. Moreover, even if schools do react, they may get the wrong cues because students and their parents make bad choices due to lack of good information (Weiss 1990). We believe that the expectation that research-based information will be available and should be part of the decision-making process needs to be cultivated both in the public and in the research community. "Comprehensive" institutions, numbering about 420, make up the second category. concerns. What are the features of educational institutions ... - ResearchGate ——, Cynthia Grutzick, Sibyll Carnochan, Julie Slayton, and Ash Vasudeva 1999 "Underlying Policy Assumptions of Charter School Reform: The Multiple Meanings of a Movement." While elementary schools are generally alike in organization and curriculum, they differ widely in student composition. They create "gifted" programs or "magnet" schools that attract such students not only by offering superior academic resources but also by largely segregating them from working-class and nonwhite students (Metz 1986; Wells 1993). Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The first group is the 171 "doctoral" institutions that offer doctoral and professional programs and produce a large number of graduates with either Ph.D.'s or medical and dental degrees. Results may have. A second implication is that advances in education research depend in no small part on advances in related disciplines and fields. Scholars working in a particular area establish the traditions and standards for how to most appropriately apply the guiding principles to their area of study (Diamond, 1999). For example, students representing dozens of native languages may attend a single school; in some school districts students speak more than 125 languages (Crawford, 1992). San Francisco: McCutchan. The majority of teachers are women, giving teaching less status than more male-dominated professions. Hence, school districts compete to hire and retain teachers, particularly if they are in fields such as math and science, where qualified teachers are scarce. Strong theories include causal mechanisms that predict what will happen and give insights into why. Higher Education. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Moreover, textbook writers and publishers, who provide instructional material for schools nationwide, influence what is taught and often how it is taught by marketing the same instructional materials nationwide (Apple 1986). We briefly consider federal requirements governing research ethics in Chapter 6, where we argue for a federal education research agency to take a leading role in facilitating ethical access to student data. This ideological power has been strongly used by the federal government. The boards also vote on the school budget, the local tax rate (though usually subject to voter referendum), curriculum, teaching, facilities standards beyond state minimal, and the rules for hiring and supervising teachers (Campbell et al.
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